Nightingale showed that more soldiers died from preventable diseases than from battle wounds during the Crimean War. Her polar area diagram (coxcomb) made the case for sanitation reform.

Rosling used animated bubble charts to show global development trends — how life expectancy and income changed over 200 years. His storytelling technique: annotate, narrate, and challenge assumptions.

Four datasets with nearly identical statistical properties ($\bar{x}, \bar{y}, \sigma_x, \sigma_y, r$) but dramatically different visual patterns. Always visualize your data.

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