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Common Logical Fallacies
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Common Logical Fallacies
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Now · Formal Fallacies
Common Logical Fallacies
Formal Fallacies
| Fallacy | Pattern | Why Wrong |
|---|---|---|
| Affirming the consequent | P→Q , Q ∴ P | Q could be true for other reasons |
| Denying the antecedent | P→Q , ¬P ∴ ¬Q | Q could be true without P |
| Equivocation | Same term used with different meanings | Ambiguity |
Informal Fallacies
| Fallacy | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Circular reasoning | Assuming what you're trying to prove | "It's true because it's true." |
| False dilemma | Presenting only two options when more exist | "Either you're with us or against us." |
| Straw man | Misrepresenting an argument to attack it | "You want to lower taxes? So you want children to starve?" |
| Appeal to authority | Using authority outside their domain | "A celebrity says this economic policy works." |